“A government of laws, and not of men.”
This powerful statement from John Adams captures a core principle of American democracy. It argues for a system where laws rule, not the whims of individuals. This idea forms the bedrock of constitutional governance. Moreover, it ensures that everyone, from the average citizen to the highest official, is subject to the law. The phrase represents a profound shift from the monarchies of the old world. It champions a society built on clear rules and equal justice.
The Enlightenment and a New Way of Thinking
The concept did not emerge from a vacuum. Indeed, John Adams was a product of the Age of Enlightenment. This intellectual movement swept across Europe and the American colonies in the 18th century. Thinkers like John Locke championed ideas of natural rights and limited government. For instance, Locke argued that governments exist to protect life, liberty, and property. This was a radical departure from the divine right of kings.
Another key influence was the French philosopher Montesquieu. He advocated for the separation of powers within a government. He believed that dividing power among different branches would prevent any one person or group from becoming too dominant. Consequently, this structure would safeguard liberty. Adams studied these works closely. He integrated their philosophies into his vision for a new, self-governing nation. The idea of a government of laws was the logical conclusion of these revolutionary thoughts.
From a Phrase to Foundational Law
John Adams did more than just think about these ideas. Source He put them into practice. He famously enshrined the principle in the legal framework of his home state. In 1780, Adams served as the principal author of the Massachusetts Constitution. This document is one of the oldest functioning written constitutions in the world.
Specifically, the phrase appears in a section about the separation of powers. It states that the legislative, executive, and judicial branches must remain separate. This separation ensures that no single branch can accumulate unchecked authority. By writing this into law, Adams created a tangible blueprint for a stable and just republic. This action moved the concept from a philosophical ideal to a practical rule of governance. It became a model for the U.S. Constitution, which followed a few years later.
What Does ‘A Government of Laws’ Mean?
At its core, a government of laws means that legal rules, not personal desires, form the basis of all state action. The laws are created through a predetermined and public process. Furthermore, they apply equally to all people. No one is above the law. This concept, often called the “rule of law,” prevents leaders from making arbitrary decisions that could harm citizens. It provides predictability and stability, allowing people to plan their lives and businesses with confidence. When everyone knows the rules and trusts they will be enforced fairly, society can flourish.
The Warning in ‘Not of Men’
The second half of the quote is just as important. The phrase “and not of men” serves as a direct warning against tyranny and corruption. History is filled with examples of rulers who governed by personal decree. Their whims, biases, and ambitions became the law of the land. This often led to oppression and injustice. Adams understood human nature. He knew that even well-intentioned leaders could be tempted by absolute power. Therefore, the system itself had to be the ultimate authority. By placing law above individuals, the framework guards against favoritism, bribery, and the abuse of power.
The Lasting Impact on American Democracy
The principle of a government of laws remains central to the American political and legal systems. It is the foundation of judicial review, where courts can strike down laws that violate the Constitution. It also underpins the concept of due process, which guarantees fair treatment for all individuals under the law. Every time a president takes an oath to “preserve, protect and defend the Constitution,” they are reaffirming this core tenet.
However, the ideal is not always easy to maintain. Throughout American history, there have been debates and struggles over the limits of executive power and the interpretation of the law. Political polarization and crises can test the nation’s commitment to this principle. Yet, the quote by Adams continues to serve as a vital benchmark. It reminds citizens and leaders alike that the nation’s strength and freedom depend on its unwavering allegiance to the rule of law.